Study On The Biomedical Model And Biopsychosocial Model

Study On The Biomedical Model And Biopsychosocial Model According to World Health Organization(WHO,2003) heath is defined as state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Every human being on earth desire for a good health. Good heath assists us to gain better value of life. When the good health is affected, every patient who suffers from any kind of heath disorder or illness are usually in a fragile condition of mind or curious. So the approach toward them by medical practitioners should be to explain their current situation and to help them. There are few models of health created and used in hospitals or clinics in order to guide the medical practitioners in treating the patient. This includes biomedical model, social model and biopsychosocial model. Most commonly used in practice today are biomedical model and biopsychosocial model. Before the development of biopsychosocial model, biomedical model used in practice. Biomedical model states that good health is the freedom from pain, defect or disease. It mainly focuses on physical factors that affects the health such as biochemistry, physiology and pathology of disease. It does not include social or psychological factors into account. In 1977 George L. Engel questioned the dominance of the biomedical model via well known journal, Science. He also explained the need for a new model that was more holistic. He said that in order to provide a basis for understanding the determinants of disease and arriving at a rational treatments and patterns of healthcare, a medical model must also take into account the patient and the social context in which he lives. So in the same year biopsychosocial model was theorized by L.Engel. According to OSullivan Schmitz (2007, p.28), patient outcomes improved considerably when they are treated with consideration, educated on their condition and are shown respect by the therapist and staff of the hospital. When treated as such, rehabilitative goals set by therapists can be attained as patients have more confidence in themselves and in their therapist and are willing to go the extra mile to regain normal functional independence. This particular approach is known as the Biopsychosocial m ethod. Recently Borrell-Carrio, Suchman, and Epstein (2004, p. 576) said, The biopsychosocial model is both a philosophy of clinical care and a practical clinical guide. Philosophically, it is a way of understanding how suffering, disease and illness are affected by multiple levels of organization, from the societal to the molecular. At the practical level, it is a way of understanding the patients subjective experience as an essential contributor to accurate diagnosis, health outcomes, and humane care. Biopsychosocial model which is a more complete conceptual framework emphatizes on biological, social and psychological factors, all play an important role in human functioning when the person is affected by any disease or illness. A.Fava(2008,pg 200) states that study of very disease must include the individual, his/her body and his /her surrounding environment as an essential components of the total heath system. During my first clinical placement, I had the opportunity to observe and note the implementation of the biopsychosocial model by the physiotherapist in the treatment of patients in a private hospital. Implementation of biopsychosocial model is clearly seen in a patient who is 23 years old, Mr K. When the patient first entered the centre Mr X, who is the physiotherapist responsible greet Mr K with smile on his face and introduce himself to the patient. According to the doctors report, Mr K had minor operation due to his right anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) tear few weeks before. Mr X begin his session by assessing the patient subjectively. Throughout the assessment Mr X asked the patient questions regarding his symptom and social life which leads to the symptom. At first, Mr K refused to respond to Mr xs questions. But after few minutes of conversation, Mr X managed to gain Mr Ks respond. This is maybe because Mr X listen to the patient carefully and maintained eye contact with the patient which make the patient to trust him. Richard S Irwin (2006,page 573) states that good physiotherapy-patient communication includes understanding(18%) and talks to me (15%) were the most important characteristics, followed by cares (10%) , listens (8%) and respect (7%). Pekka Larivaara (2001,page 9) states that skilled physiotherapist convey warmth and attention by their forward posture, eye contact and expressive face, gesture and tone. At the end of subjective assessment, Mr X got to know that Mr K is a professional football player and he had lateral ankle ligament spran three years before. Before begin the physical examination , Mr X politely asked the patient to lie on the examination table. After getting the patients consent the physiotherapist palpated below the knee of the patient to check for any different symptoms such as swelling or redness around the calf muscle. According to Petty (2004,page 340),informed consent is a paramount to ensure that the patient fully understand what is being carried out and that he has the right to refuse or accept the treatment given. Then physiotherapist measured the range of motion of flexion of the patients affected knee. During the measurement, Mr X observed the patients facial expression. He realized that the patient having difficulty in flexing his knee after certain level. He also noticed that the patient is depressed and down due to his recent condition which preventing him from carrying out his daily activities. So the physiotherapist motivated the patient and gave him moral support.he promised the patient that he would be back to his normal lifestyle within 6 months. Before the physiotherapist begin his treatment , he explained about the treatment which going to be given to the patient. He also explained about the benefits and outcomes of the treatment. He positioned the patient in supine lying by place a pillow under his head and a towel under his thigh. This is to make sure that the patient is in comfortable position to receive the treatment. Petty (2004 , page 341) states that patients comfort is paramount as it induces relaxation and enhances the adherence to the treatment. Patients comfort during treatment session is a supreme importance to their believe in the medical professionals, treatment, and their capability to relax when they undergo treatment plus patients choice of treatment positions should be respected. Physiotherapist also make sure that the height of the examination table is parallel to his waist level to ensure that he can easily reach the patient. Physiotherapist then applied cold pack and TENSE to the patient to relieve his pain. The treatment session took place for 15 minutes. Later, Mr X teaches the patient on how to use the elbow crutches. At the beginning stages the patient find it difficult to walk with the crutches. But after the physiotherapist assist him for few hours, Mr K manage to walk with the crutches. According to OSullivan , the supportive use of hands can allay fears and instill confidence while ensuring safety. The key to success in using guided movement is to intersperse active practice with guided movement, providing only as much assistance as needed and removing assistance as soon as possible. He came for treatment continuously for few weeks. Physiotherapist praised him upon his success in walking throughout the treatment period. According to Pekka Larivaara(2001) patient-centered physiotherapist acknowledges and appreciates the patients effort to cope with his/her symptoms and problems.

To Kill a Mockingbird: An Appropriate Classic :: Free Essay Writer

Do you believe To Kill a Mockingbird is an unsuitable novel for teenagers to study? To be perfectly honest I don’t. After reading the book and having repeated class conversations on chapters day after day I don’t see the improper language, violence or situations as a teen. Many people deem Harper Lee’s classic novel to be a wonderful insight into a time of prejudice, religion and courage, these people are right and that is why we have been studying it. If our teachers had seen it as inappropriate they wouldn’t have let us read it, if this were inappropriate why it is an all time classic and Pulitzer Prize winning novel, I have no idea. We have studied it to learn about the notion of powerful and powerless, To Kill a Mockingbird is an ideal novel for that topic, with the character and situations we read about we have a clear understanding of life in the 30’s and how class changed people’s lives. To Kill A mockingbird does not only explore the tumultuous times of racism, loss of childhood innocence and morality but is a pure and simple love story. What is so inappropriate about a love story? The fact that the bad guy gets what he deserves? Or that the only violence is the shooting of a disease carrying dog? Teens live in a world of prejudice, ignorance and are faced with events that ultimately change them into being mature and caring. Studying this novel helps teens discover what the worlds past is like and what makes our life and the people around it how we are now. By reading To Kill A Mockingbird we can learn what we could do right in the present, changing our attitude about life can come from a life experience but reading a novel which gives us specific ideas like ‘have moral standards and stick to them no matter what’ appears loud and clear from scouts experiences of sticking up for Atticus, to Atticus’ own courage in standing up for Tom Robinson against most of May comb County. We learn the principles of respect for law and justice, for fairness and rules and the need for integrity, honesty and compassion. Harper Lee suggests people can’t stand against the pressures that come along without a commitment to such principles. Learning life lessons through an enforced novel for English we are positively influenced and inspired. Atticus who in many ways, the novel is built around is recognisably human, not a hero as such but idealised enough to be a convincing model of right behaviour.

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Introduction: Sustainable Development is becoming the new â€Å"it† word in today’s society. Companies, governments, organizations, NGO’s and individuals all around the world today boast about how they are part of the global Sustainable development movement. That is why it is necessary to understand what Sustainable Development really represents, its definitions and key concepts, real life examples and its future. For the purpose of this paper the most widely acknowledged and used theory of Sustainable Development published in the Brundtland Report shall be used: â€Å"†¦development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (WCED 1987, p. 43). This definition of Sustainable Development contains within it the two key concepts that are present in our society: the concept of needs and the concept of limitations. The concept of needs involves providing strong priority to the poor and providing them with essential needs like clean water, medicine, shelter and food (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. The concept of limitations encompasses the idea that there are certain limitations imposed by technology and social organizations on the ability of the environment to meet the current and future needs of society as has been described in the (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). This concept described in the Brundtland report aims to define the fact that the world must be seen as a system and not as a whole. As upon understanding individual parts of the system it becomes much easier to identify the problems and find solutions. The concept of needs has vastly been distorted in today’s society as for the more economically developed... ...the whole process would fall apart and be inefficient. As for 2013 Sustainable Development on a global scale is still in its infant stage. The lack of international agreements on measures and disinterest of the Northern society in true Sustainable Development measures have resulted in only small fraction of the original vision to be implemented. Change is happening, just not at the desired pace, but the time has come to make some of the harsh decisions, such as strict cuts in emissions around the world. Several decades after the Brundtland report was published it seems more than viable for there to be a Brundtland Report 2.0. This report would be restructured according to current trends and demands of society and focus more on solving the problems of the current generation. Sustainable Development has a bright future as long as there is an adequate catalyst nearby.